## Monodromy and Moduli

Today, we’re going to prove a BIG theorem, but only in the characteristic zero case (we’ll be working over ${\mathbb{C}}$ as usual). The theorem is rather tough, and to do it in positive characteristics it’s best done through stacks. Specifically, we’ll be proving the irreducibility of the moduli space of curves of genus ${g}$.

For a start, let ${C}$ be a curve of genus ${g}$, ${p\in C}$. Then Riemann-Roch tells us that ${h^0(np)-h^0(K_C-np)=n-g+1}$. This can be rearranged to give ${h^0(np)=h^0(K_C-np)+n-g+1}$. We want this to be greater than or equal to two, so that we can projectivize and get a map to ${\mathbb{P}^1}$. So then we get ${h^0(K-np)+n\geq g+1}$. If ${n=g+1}$, then the inequality is satisfied, so that means that EVERY curve of genus ${g}$ has a map ${\phi:C\rightarrow\mathbb{P}^1}$ of degree ${g+1}$.

So, how ramified is such a cover? Every covering of ${\mathbb{P}^1}$ must be ramified, because otherwise we’d have a covering of a simply-connected space, and it would just be ${\mathbb{P}^1}$ again. So we apply Riemann-Hurwitz. This tells us that ${2g-2=(g+1)(-2)+\deg R}$, and so ${\deg R=4g}$, so the map has ramification degree ${4g=d}$.

Now, here’s the structure of our argument: there exists a moduli space ${\mathcal{H}_{d,g}}$ parameterizing the pairs ${(C,\phi)}$ where ${C}$ is a genus ${g}$ curve and ${\phi:C\rightarrow \mathbb{P}^1}$ is a degree ${d}$ map. What we showed above is that for ${d=g+1}$, we have a surjective map to the moduli space of curves of genus ${g}$, ${\mathcal{M}_g}$. So, to prove the irreducibility of ${\mathcal{M}_g}$, it would suffice to prove it for ${\mathcal{H}_{g+1,g}}$.

But then, there’s a dense open subset of ${\mathcal{H}_{g+1,g}}$, we’ll call it ${U}$, consisting only of the maps with simple ramification. That is, they’ve got ${4g}$ branch points in ${\mathbb{P}^1}$. Then, we can take ${4g}$ copies of ${\mathbb{P}^1}$ and remove the diagonal and call if ${\mathcal{P}}$. So we’ve got a map ${U\rightarrow \mathcal{P}}$ by sending a cover to it’s branch locus. This map is surjective, because (modulo details, of course) if we remove ${4g}$ arbitary points from ${\mathbb{P}^1}$, we can then take a ${g+1}$ uple cover, because the fundamental group is large, and then connect the sheets to have the correct ramification data over the removed points by a hole-patching procedure to compactify the covering open Riemann surface. Let’s leave actually doing that as an exercise.

All that remains now is to prove that this is actually a connected covering space. Pick a base point in ${\mathcal{P}}$ and look at the preimages. It suffices to show that the monodromy representation acts transitively on this fiber, as that means that there is a loop on ${\mathcal{P}}$ that lifts to a path between any two given points in the fiber, which forces path-connectedness.  To do this, we’ll work out the action of what happens when two branch points exchange locations.

Let $q\in\mathbb{P}^1$ be a point that isn’t a branch point.  Define the branch cuts used to glue together a Riemann surface by taking arcs from the branch points to $q$.  Now, to exchange two of the branch points, we’ll have to pass one of the cuts through the other! This seems like a horrible, nasty thing at first, but then, you can realize that they’re just going to give you new transpositions.  Why were they transpositions? Because the cuts give a way to get from one branch to another, but only two come together there, so a transposition labels each branch point with that data.  Now, if you pass one branch through another, it picks up conjugation by the stationary one, because the cut passes to a different sheet, and will then interchange different sheets of the cover.  For instance, if $(23)$ passes through $(13)$, it won’t be acting on sheets in the order 1,2,3 anymore, but in the order 3,2,1, and so will become $(12)$.  This gives us an action on the fibers, and just fiddling with permutations a bit, it’s transitive.  Thus, we have a connected covering space.

Now, a connected covering space of an irreducible space (which ${\mathcal{P}}$ certainly is) must be irreducible, and so we’re done!

This post is an imperfect phrasing of pictures I have in my head.  If you have any significant suggestions for improvements, please leave a comment.

## About Charles Siegel

Charles Siegel is currently a postdoc at Kavli IPMU in Japan. He works on the geometry of the moduli space of curves.
This entry was posted in Algebraic Geometry, Algebraic Topology, Big Theorems, Curves, Deformation Theory, Moduli of Curves. Bookmark the permalink.

### 3 Responses to Monodromy and Moduli

1. Matt says:

I think that you mean d = g + 1, not 4g?

2. You’re right. The degree is $g+1$, it’s that I’m looking at configurations of $4g$ points in $\mathbb{P}^1$. Fixed.

3. topological says:

Why is a connected covering space of an irreducible space irreducible?